Anoxic brain injury nursing diagnosis

Leaving the game and getting quick treatment after TBI are important to recovery. Trusted Health Information from the National Institutes of Health For children and teens, getting ...

Strangulation injuries are a heterogeneous set of traumatic pathology that occurs as a result of mechanical force applied externally to the neck and surrounding structures. As a type of asphyxia, these injuries may result in decreased cerebral oxygen delivery either by compression of cervical blood vessels, or tracheal occlusion. Death …The process for determining brain death includes five components: ensuring that certain prerequi-sites are met, neurologic examination, apnea test-ing, ancillary testing (if necessary), and docu ...Post-cardiac arrest brain injury (PCABI) is caused by initial ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain following resuscitation. In those who are admitted to intensive care unit after cardiac arrest, PCABI manifests as coma, and is the main cause of mortality and long-term disability. This review describes the mechanisms of PCABI, its ... Anoxic encephalopathy, a brain injury related to cerebral hypoxia and cerebral anoxia, types of hypoxic-anoxic injuries (HAIs) is a serious, life-threatening injury; it can cause cognitive problems and disabilities. Some HAI injuries are due to a partial lack of oxygen; the term hypoxic means partial lack. Volunteer nursing is a great way to refresh your interest in medicine while helping others. Read about the training and benefits of volunteer nursing. Advertisement If you're invol...Lesson Objective for Encephalopathy. Gain a comprehensive understanding of encephalopathy, including its etiology, pathophysiology, and the diverse range of symptoms it presents, to facilitate effective nursing care planning. Learn to identify the various underlying causes of encephalopathy, such as infections, metabolic disorders, or toxic ...Neuroplasticity may mean your brain can grow and heal on its own. If you're living with a mental health condition, your brain's ability to regenerate can help. Brain plasticity all...Nursing Diagnosis. Ineffective healing. Deficient knowledge. Impaired mobility. Acute pain. Altered sensory perception. Impaired swallowing. Go to: Causes. Brain trauma may result from anything which may cause a blow, bump, jolt, or penetrating injury.

Risk for Injury & Patient Safety Nursing Care Plan and Management. This nursing care plan and management guide can assist nurses in providing care for patients who are at risk for injury. Get to know the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis to promote patient safety and prevent injury.Nursing Diagnosis. The nursing diagnosis for anoxia brain injury may include: impaired physical mobility, altered nutrition, altered cognitive function, potential infection, …The opioid epidemic has led to the creation of a new term: Toxic Brain Injury. This type of brain injury occurs from prolonged substance misuse and nonfatal overdose. This encompasses two forms of brain injury resulting from a lack of oxygen – hypoxic and anoxic brain injury. Hypoxic brain injury occurs when the brain does not receive …Neonatal seizures are a commonly encountered neurologic condition in neonates.[1][2][3] They are defined as the occurrence of sudden, paroxysmal, abnormal alteration of electrographic activity at any point from birth to the end of the neonatal period.[3] During this period, the neonatal brain is developmentally immature.[4][5] …Jan 27, 2023 · The brain consumes a significant amount of energy compared to its weight and size. It is highly metabolically active and exquisitely sensitive to hypoxia and hypoperfusion. Cellular injury can begin within minutes, and permanent brain injury will follow if prompt intervention does not occur. Therefore, it is critical to understand the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management options. TBI/ABI/Stroke Support Group Cary, NC. 1st Monday of each month, 6:30 – 8 pm WakeMed Cary Hospital Conference Center Board Room 1900 Kildaire Farm Road Contacts: Norman Case: (919) 244–6221 [email protected] and Brooke Hinnant: [email protected] 3, 2023 · The most basic definition of cerebral edema is swelling of the brain. It is a relatively common phenomenon with numerous etiologies. Cerebral edema categorizes into either vasogenic, cellular, osmotic, and interstitial causes. [1] It can arise from a variety of causes, including head trauma, vascular ischemia,[2] intracranial lesions, or obstructive hydrocephalus resulting in interstitial ... Anoxic brain injury, also known as global hypoxic-ischemic injury, is seen in all age groups (from antenatal to the elderly) as a result of numerous etiologies. The pattern of injury depends on a number of factors including: age of the patient (brain maturity) neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. hypoxic-ischemic injury in older children ...

History. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute brain injury is the intentional lowering of body temperature, with the objective of reducing tissue damage in the central nervous system. Modern use of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy began in the 1940s with the work of Fay [ 1 ], who reported the first series of patients with ...Volunteering at a nursing home is a great idea for someone who's outgoing. Learn what it's like and how to get started volunteering at a nursing home. Advertisement Honored war vet...Anoxic-ischemic brain injury occurs when no blood is flowing to the brain. Neurologists commonly encounter this clinical state when evaluating comatose patients who have had a cardiac arrest and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. Anoxic-ischemic injury may also occur in primary respiratory arrest or severe hypoxemia (eg, asphyxia ...Dhuʻl-Q. 13, 1442 AH ... The BAT-L was specifically adapted for use with IPV survivors to assess subconcussive head injury, TBI, and anoxic injury across the life span.

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This syndrome, called anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (AIE, also known as ‘anoxic brain injury,’ or ‘hypoxic-ischemic coma’), can result in outcomes ranging from full recovery to permanent unconsciousness to death. This Fast Fact discusses prognostic factors in adults with AIE after cardiac arrest. “Neurologic Outcome” A challenge in ...Cerebral hypoxia happens when your brain doesn’t get enough oxygen. Symptoms include confusion, difficulty speaking and seizures. It’s a medical emergency that can be fatal and can cause lifelong brain damage. Healthcare providers can treat some of the issues that cerebral hypoxia causes but they can’t reverse the brain damage that it can ...Pediatric and Adult Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria Consensus Practice Guideline Mar 2022 Practice Advisory Stroke Prevention in Symptomatic Large Artery Intracranial Atherosclerosis Practice Advisory Browse By Topic. Access guidelines and educational tools by topic. Brain Injury and Death Child Neurology Epilepsy and SeizuresINTRODUCTION. —. Status epilepticus is a medical and neurologic emergency that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. The rapid evaluation and treatment of convulsive status epilepticus is discussed below. The definition, classification, clinical features, and diagnosis of convulsive status epilepticus in adults are reviewed …Evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) are a common tool used in evidence-based medicine by health-care practitioners. Evidence-based medicine is founded on the following two principles (Guyatt et al., 2000; Sackett et al., 1996): (1) there is a hierarchy of strength of evidence behind recommendations, and (2) the clinician uses judgment when weighing the trade-offs associated with alternative ...Dhuʻl-Q. 13, 1442 AH ... The BAT-L was specifically adapted for use with IPV survivors to assess subconcussive head injury, TBI, and anoxic injury across the life span.

Volunteer nursing is a great way to refresh your interest in medicine while helping others. Read about the training and benefits of volunteer nursing. Advertisement If you're invol...Anoxic encephalopathy, or hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, is a process that begins with the cessation of cerebral blood flow to brain tissue, which most commonly results from poisoning (for example, carbon monoxide or drug overdose), vascular injury or insult, or cardiac arrest.Anoxic brain injury can cause diffuse injury to the brain resulting in widespread neurological, behavioural and cognitive impairments. In this article, the authors describe the principal clinical manifestations of anoxic brain injury and illustrate this with two case histories. anoxia is typically associated with gross dete-rioration in brain ...Anoxic Brain Injury. Anoxic brain injury is a type of brain injury that isn't usually caused by a blow to the head. Instead, anoxic brain injury occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen. Left without oxygen for too long, neural cells begin to die through a process called apoptosis. And though cell death is a normal part of the human ...Rehabilitation-Specific Treatment. Anoxia is defined by the total absence of oxygen to the tissues or a particular organ such as the brain. The term anoxic brain …Abstract. Postanoxic encephalopathy is the key determinant of death or disability after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Animal studies have provided proof-of-principle evidence of efficacy of divergent classes of neuroprotective treatments to promote brain recovery. However, apart from targeted temperature management (TTM ...5. Met. Complete the following sentences with the correct choices. 1. slowly. 2. intracranial. 3. rapidly. 4. herniation. A client is being evaluated in the emergency department after falling from a bicycle and hitting their head.PVS results from injury to the brain after interruption of the blood supply (anoxic brain injury), with infection to the central nervous system (as in encephalitis) or after severe head trauma. The patient retains autonomic and brainstem function but lacks the ability to receive sensory input or to communicate.TBI/ABI/Stroke Support Group Cary, NC. 1st Monday of each month, 6:30 – 8 pm WakeMed Cary Hospital Conference Center Board Room 1900 Kildaire Farm Road Contacts: …Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most serious birth complications affecting full term infants. 1 It occurs in 1.5 to 2.5 per 1000 live births in developed countries. HIE is a brain injury that prevents adequate blood flow to the infant’s brain occurring as a result of a hypoxic-ischemic event during the prenatal, intrapartum …The Neurocritical Care Society recruited experts in neurocritical care, nursing, and pharmacy to create a panel in 2017. The group generated 16 clinical questions related to initial management of cerebral edema in various neurological insults using the PICO format. ... traumatic brain injury, acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral …Anoxic brain injuries are caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain, which results in the death of brain cells after approximately four minutes of oxygen deprivation. …

The process for determining brain death includes five components: ensuring that certain prerequi-sites are met, neurologic examination, apnea test-ing, ancillary testing (if necessary), and docu ...

The purpose of this article is to describe and recommend reading as a nursing intervention for agitated patients with anoxic brain injury. Design. The design of this study is a case report of the results from reading to an agitated patient with anoxic brain injury. Methods.A hypoxic-anoxic injury, also known as HAI, occurs when that flow is disrupted, essentially starving the brain and preventing it from performing vital biochemical processes. Hypoxic refers to a partial lack of oxygen; anoxic means a total lack. In general, the more complete the deprivation, the more severe the harm to the brain and the greater ...One nursing intervention related to hypertension is monitoring and recording the patient’s blood pressure using the correct cuff size and technique, according to Nurseslabs. Nursin...The optimal time window for obtaining an MRI is 2-7 days after cardiac arrest. ( 33765189; Sandroni 2022; 34580886; 37028905) Occasionally, an MRI may be seen which doesn't show any substantive anoxic injury. This is a red flag that the diagnosis may be incorrect – the patient may not have severe anoxic brain injury.Post-cardiac arrest brain injury (PCABI) is caused by initial ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain following resuscitation. In those who are admitted to intensive care unit after cardiac arrest, PCABI manifests as coma, and is the main cause of mortality and long-term disability. This review describes the mechanisms of PCABI, its ...Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury Neurological examination. A quick and complete neurological examination will be done using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a clinical tool designed to assess the severity of sustained TBI using a scoring system.Strangulation injuries are a heterogeneous set of traumatic pathology that occurs as a result of mechanical force applied externally to the neck and surrounding structures. As a type of asphyxia, these injuries may result in decreased cerebral oxygen delivery either by compression of cervical blood vessels, or tracheal occlusion. Death …Anoxic-ischemic brain injury occurs when no blood is flowing to the brain. Neurologists commonly encounter this clinical state when evaluating comatose patients who have had a cardiac arrest and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. Anoxic-ischemic injury may also occur in primary respiratory arrest or severe hypoxemia (eg, …

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If your brain gets reduced oxygen flow for a few minutes, you might have hypoxic brain injury or cerebral hypoxia. But if the supply is completely cut off and no oxygen reaches the brain, it’s ...The right hemisphere of the brain controls a person’s cognitive skills. The right side of the brain also controls muscle movements on the left side of the body. A head injury that ...View Care plan 2 - Risk for infection r:t improper toileting 2:2 to anoxic brain injury .docx from NURS MISC at Delgado Community College. 1 Name here Nursing Diagnosis AI Homework Help Expert HelpVolunteering at a nursing home is a great idea for someone who's outgoing. Learn what it's like and how to get started volunteering at a nursing home. Advertisement Honored war vet...Without treatment, a typical prognosis for a patient with brain lymphoma is life expectancy of less than two months, according to the New York Times Health Guide.Hypoxic-anoxic brain injuries can cause long-lasting damage. The sooner that you recognize the symptoms of hypoxia and anoxia and seek treatment, the more likely that you’ll successfully recover ...Aug 26, 2022 · Encephalopathy Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan. Written by. Maegan Wagner, BSN, RN, CCM. Encephalopathy is a general term used to describe damage or disease affecting brain function. The causes are varied and can be related to infection, liver conditions, drug toxins, and more. Some of the major types include the following: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when a sudden, external, physical assault damages the brain. It is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults. TBI is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that happen to the brain. The damage can be focal (confined to one area of the brain) or diffuse (happens in more ...Aug 26, 2022 · Encephalopathy Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan. Written by. Maegan Wagner, BSN, RN, CCM. Encephalopathy is a general term used to describe damage or disease affecting brain function. The causes are varied and can be related to infection, liver conditions, drug toxins, and more. Some of the major types include the following: The opioid epidemic has led to the creation of a new term: Toxic Brain Injury. This type of brain injury occurs from prolonged substance misuse and nonfatal overdose. This encompasses two forms of brain injury resulting from a lack of oxygen – hypoxic and anoxic brain injury. Hypoxic brain injury occurs when the brain does not receive … ….

To confirm the diagnosis, they’ll order a few tests to check for brain function and to see how serious the damage may be. ... But if you have a severe anoxic brain injury and are in a vegetative ...Anoxic brain injury is damage to the brain due to a lack of oxygen supply (an: absence; oxia: oxygen). The brain is a vital organ with a high oxygen requirement. Its oxygen requirement is about 3.5 mL per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute . This translates to about 20 percent of total oxygen consumed by the body while at rest.Cerebral hypoxia happens when your brain doesn’t get enough oxygen. Symptoms include confusion, difficulty speaking and seizures. It’s a medical emergency that can be fatal and can cause lifelong brain damage. Healthcare providers can treat some of the issues that cerebral hypoxia causes but they can’t reverse the brain damage that it …View Care plan 2 - Risk for infection r:t improper toileting 2:2 to anoxic brain injury .docx from NURS MISC at Delgado Community College. 1 Name here Nursing Diagnosis AI Homework Help Expert HelpAnoxic brain injury, also known as global hypoxic-ischemic injury, is seen in all age groups (from antenatal to the elderly) as a result of numerous etiologies. The pattern of injury depends on a number of factors including: age of the patient (brain maturity) neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. hypoxic-ischemic injury in older children ...Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (previously known as sympathetic storming) is a pattern of recurrent episodic sympathetic activation which may occur after severe brain injury (most often traumatic or anoxic). Prompt recognition of this diagnosis may facilitate appropriate treatment, thereby stabilizing the patient and avoiding aggravation ...The pattern of injury on imaging is similar to that seen in anoxic brain injury and other anoxia mimics such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), but with notable sparing of the thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem in most cases. 23 Hypoglycemic cerebral injury is also readily distinguished by clinical history and laboratory confirmation of hypoglycemia. 26 …Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when a sudden, external, physical assault damages the brain. It is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults. TBI is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that happen to the brain. The damage can be focal (confined to one area of the brain) or diffuse (happens in more ... Anoxic brain injury nursing diagnosis, Although the outbreaks of PSH were traditionally described in severe acquired brain injury (ABI) patients [e.g., traumatic brain injury (TBI), anoxic brain injury, stroke, tumors, infections, or unspecified causes], the prevalence of PSH of 33% after TBI compared with 6% after other causes suggests that the dominant underlying cause in …, A diffuse axonal injury, commonly known as sheer injury, is a type of brain injury that does not result in hemorrhage but damages cells in the brain. Since the brain …, Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of brain dysfunction that occurs when the brain doesn't receive enough oxygen or blood flow for a period of time. Hypoxic means not enough oxygen; ischemic means not enough blood flow; and encephalopathy means brain disorder. HIE may develop during pregnancy, labor and delivery or in the postnatal ..., The most common causes of CDI are craniopharyngioma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, trauma, sarcoidosis, metastases, and brain malformations. There are many case reports of CDI induced by traumatic brain injury, however few reports of CDI in the setting of anoxic brain injury. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old female with past medical history of ..., In contrast, CSF leaks generated during complex spine surgeries can produce more disabling symptoms, lead to additional complications (e.g., depressed consciousness, brain sagging, subdural hemorrhages), and require additional surgery for repair of the dural tear. Anesthesia in patients with neurologic disease., Pediatric and Adult Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria Consensus Practice Guideline Mar 2022 Practice Advisory Stroke Prevention in Symptomatic Large Artery Intracranial Atherosclerosis Practice Advisory Browse By Topic. Access guidelines and educational tools by topic. Brain Injury and Death Child Neurology Epilepsy and Seizures, Symptoms of narcolepsy can be managed, but a correct diagnosis is often the first step to finding the right treatment. If excessive sleepiness and disrupted sleep-wake cycles are a..., If you or a loved one has sustained a non-traumatic brain injury, the Brain Injury Association of America is here to help. The Certified Brain Injury Specialists at our National Brain Injury Information Center (NBIIC) are ready to answer any and all questions that you may have. To get in contact with them, call 1-800-444-6443 or fill out our ..., Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show brain lesions that are not visible by computed tomography, including early cytotoxic oedema after ischaemic stroke, diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury and cortical laminar necrosis after cardiac arrest. Thus, MRI increases the accuracy of neurological diagnosis in critically ill patients., Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury Neurological examination. A quick and complete neurological examination will be done using the Glasgow Coma Scale …, Abstract. Anoxic brain injury is a heterogeneous clinical entity encompassing a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from brain death and minimally conscious states, to recovery of consciousness with cognitive impairment and movement disorders, to mild transient loss of consciousness with or without transient neurologic deficits., 2. Pathophysiology of Posttraumatic DI (PTDI) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem. It is associated with high mortality, as well as acute and chronic morbidity with many survivors being severely disabled physically and psychologically [4,5,6].It is more frequent in children, young adults and the elderly [] and …, Symptoms of narcolepsy can be managed, but a correct diagnosis is often the first step to finding the right treatment. If excessive sleepiness and disrupted sleep-wake cycles are a..., Saf. 16, 1443 AH ... An anoxic brain injury is caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain. Most often this type of injury occurs when a sudden traumatic event ..., An anoxic brain injury is a serious condition that occurs when the blood flow to the brain decreases to a threshold where brain cells begin to die. Once brain cells die, they cannot regrow. Unlike traumatic brain injuries (TBI) this injury causes a complete lack of oxygen to the brain. Anoxic brain injuries can occur due to respiratory arrest ..., Jul 10, 2021 · Post-cardiac arrest brain injury (PCABI) is caused by initial ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain following resuscitation. In those who are admitted to intensive care unit after cardiac arrest, PCABI manifests as coma, and is the main cause of mortality and long-term disability. This review describes the mechanisms of PCABI, its ... , Concussion, a minor injury to the brain due to a blow or hit to the head. Symptoms may not show up right away. Learn when to see your doctor. A concussion is a type of brain injury..., Defining Neurologic Outcome. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) are both five-point scales widely used in assessing neurologic outcome. 8 In the GOS, a score of 5 is associated with good cerebral performance with mild or no disability., An example is seen in prolonged cardiac arrest causing diffuse anoxic brain injury. The basis for prognosis in milder forms is usually the diagnosis and underlying cause (i.e., tumor, stroke, traumatic brain injury, infection, etc.) and early recognition and treatment. ... Nursing care must pay close attention to changes in neurologic status ..., May 9, 2023 · Confusion. Restlessness. Palpitations and a rapid heartbeat. Blue or purple lips or skin (cyanosis) Symptoms of anoxia can include: Loss of consciousness. Seizures. Signs of brain damage. The severity of symptoms can depend on the duration and degree of oxygen deprivation. , Global anoxic brain injury, also known as global ischemia or cerebral anoxia, occurs when the entire brain is deprived of oxygen, causing significant damage. Typically, the brain uses oxygen to convert glucose into a usable form of energy to power neurons (brain cells). However, in the case of a global anoxic brain injury, without oxygen, this ..., Glasgow Coma Scale. This 15-point test helps a doctor or other emergency medical personnel assess the initial severity of a brain injury by checking a person's ability to follow directions and move their eyes and limbs. The coherence of speech also provides important clues. Abilities are scored from three to 15 in the Glasgow Coma Scale., Abstract. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Pediatric TBI is associated with several distinctive characteristics that differ from adults and are attributable to age-related anatomical and physiological differences, pattern of injuries based on the physical ability of the child, and difficulty ..., The serum NSE level also increases in cases of hypoxic brain damage; the serum concentration is proportional to the extent of brain damage . As near-hanging injury causes anoxic brain injury , serum NSE level is expected to predict the neurological outcome of near-hanging patients. However, the prognostic value of NSE in near …, Lesson Objective for Encephalopathy. Gain a comprehensive understanding of encephalopathy, including its etiology, pathophysiology, and the diverse range of symptoms it presents, to facilitate effective nursing care planning. Learn to identify the various underlying causes of encephalopathy, such as infections, metabolic disorders, or toxic ..., Risk for Injury & Patient Safety Nursing Care Plan and Management. This nursing care plan and management guide can assist nurses in providing care for patients who are at risk for injury. Get to know the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis to promote patient safety and prevent injury., Jan 1, 2021 · Rehabilitation-Specific Treatment. Anoxia is defined by the total absence of oxygen to the tissues or a particular organ such as the brain. The term anoxic brain injury (ABI) is frequently used synonymously in the literature with terms hypoxic-ischemic, anoxic-ischemic, hypoxic, or cerebral anoxia. One of the earliest documented cases of ABI ... , Jun 12, 2023 · Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results from a blunt injury to the brain.[1] In the United States, traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability among children and young adults. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are over 1.5 million reported cases of traumatic brain injury every year in the ... , Anoxic brain injury (AnBI) is defined as a gross deterioration in brain function after disruption or cessation of the brain's vascular supply, thereby leading to inadequate oxygenation of the brain [1]. The symptomatology and clinical outcome after an anoxic episode depend on the degree and duration of oxygen deprivation., Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show brain lesions that are not visible by computed tomography, including early cytotoxic oedema after ischaemic stroke, diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury and cortical laminar necrosis after cardiac arrest. Thus, MRI increases the accuracy of neurological diagnosis in critically ill patients., Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged, gasping inhalations followed by extremely short and inadequate exhalations. This pattern results from upper pons injury, often due to stroke or trauma, signifying severe brain injury and a poor prognosis. Temporary induction can occur by the administration of ketamine., Recovery after brain injury is a process that occurs in stages. Some people move quickly through the stages, while others make slow, but steady gains. The Rancho Los Amigos’ Levels of Cognitive Functioning, called the Ranchos Scale, is one scale that measures improvement. There are 8 stages or recovery., PVS results from injury to the brain after interruption of the blood supply (anoxic brain injury), with infection to the central nervous system (as in encephalitis) or after severe head trauma. The patient retains autonomic and brainstem function but lacks the ability to receive sensory input or to communicate.