Does zyn affect male fertility

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Does zyn affect male fertility. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect the ability to conceive in men and women of reproductive age, as well as to find out whether there are certain differencies between them in terms of effects on fertility.Methods: Our review was based on systematic search of literature in four …

The seminal fluid does more than just activate the sperm, however. Zinc acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, helping them survive until they can reach the egg. Zinc for men is vital for the gonads from an early age. Too little in childhood delays sexual development and affects testosterone levels, prostate gland function and sperm ...

May 19, 2020 · Infertility is a pathological condition defined as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve pregnancy in one year [ 1 ]. Both male and female factors can lead to infertility. In particular, according to the causes, it has been reported that 29.3% is due to a male factor, 37.1% to a female factor, 17.6% to both ... Zn is essential for both male and female reproductive potential as it is necessary for normal fertilization. It has been shown that the Zn content in semen is 85 …Luteinizing hormone (LH) is the hormone from the pituitary gland which tells the Leydig cells in the testicles to make testosterone. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a medication which has a similar structure and essentially the same hormonal action as LH. However, HCG has a much longer half-life (30 hours) than LH (30 minutes), with a ...How Does Smoking and Nicotine Affect Male Fertility. A couple of different ways that smoking can affect fertility for men - particularly sperm count (the number of …1. Introduction. Trace elements play a significant role in maintaining human health [1, 2].It is recognized that the trace element zinc plays an important role in functioning male reproductive system; it required for normal spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis; it affects the stability of sperm chromatin, the quality of semen, the capacitation process and induction of acrosome reaction.Advertisement The key to human reproduction is fertilization. The optimum time for fertilization to take place is during ovulation, which occurs about mid-way through a woman's men...

Mar 2, 2016 · It affects the stability of sperm chromatin 16. ... Foresta, C. et al. Role of zinc trafficking in male fertility: from germ to sperm. Hum Reprod 29, 1134–45 (2014). Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern favoring fish, poultry, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, was related to better fertility in both genders. Despite the multifactorial etiology of sexual infertility, nutrition may affect the sexual/reproductive function in both women and men. Zinc and fertility go together like bees and honey. Zinc is the most important mineral and antioxidant in pregnancy and preconception. It is required for fetal growth and development of muscles and bones. It reduces the risk of stretch marks, perineal tears, cracked nipples and it is necessary for immune function and brain formation. The largest sample size of fertile men in the meta-analysis is just 60. In contrast, a review by Marinelli et al 17 concluded that smoking has limited effects on semen quality. Therefore, the relation between cigarette smoking and semen quality is still under debate, and large-scale studies of semen quality encompassing the variety of smoking ...Biological alterations in reproductive physiology may account for sub-fertility in patients infected with HIV. Psychosocial factors in patients with HIV infection may affect reproductive desires and outcomes. Antiretroviral medications may have direct toxicity on gametes and embryos. Available evidence indicates that fertility treatments can be ...How Zinc Affects a Woman’s Fertility. In women, zinc plays a vital role in many key reproductive health areas including: Egg production: a woman’s body needs a certain amount of zinc to produce mature eggs that are ripe for fertilization. Maintaining proper follicular fluid levels: without enough fluid in the follicles, an egg cannot travel ...Cancers and nonmalignant tumors can affect the male reproductive organs directly, through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction, such as the pituitary gland, or through unknown causes. In some cases, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can affect male fertility. Undescended testicles.

Jan 21, 2003 · Based on these results, Burkman's research group is preparing to conduct the first study of nicotine's effect on specific sperm functions in semen samples taken from a group of male smokers who agree to stop smoking. Sperm samples will be collected before and after the men quit. The study is expected to get underway in June. However, the mechanism by which zinc supplementation increases the sperm quality needs further study. This meta-analysis suggested that zinc supplementation might increase male reproduction function, and these findings could open new avenues of future fertility research and treatment and could affect public health.Causes of male infertility. Many things can cause infertility in men (see below). ). But sometimes doctors can’t find any cause. This is sometimes called unexplained infertility. Sperm disorders. The most common reason of male infertility is a problem with your sperm. It may be that: you don't have enough sperm in your semenSemen quality, a predictor of male fertility, has been suggested declining worldwide. Among other life style factors, male coffee/caffeine consumption was hypothesized to influence semen parameters, but also sperm DNA integrity. To summarize available evidence, we performed a systematic review of observational studies on the …RF-EMF increases ROS production by augmenting the action of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase in the human cell membrane.[] An examination of 468 men attending an infertility clinic from 1993 to 2007 with the aim of assessing if there is a combined effect of varicocele and carrying mobile phones in trouser pockets … The results showed that the administration of glymeride, pumpkin flour, porang flour and their combination had a significant effect on reducing blood sugar (p=0.000) and sperm motility (p=0.000 ...

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Before you throw out your next batch of used coffee grounds, consider composting them. As food weblog Serious Eats points out, composting used coffee grounds is a great way to star...Introduction. According to World Health Organization (WHO), infertility refers to the biological inability of an individual to achieve pregnancy following at least 12 month of unprotected intercourse ().It has been estimated that approximately 15% of couples face some form of infertility (2, 3) and among them, male factor infertility plays a role in …Hepatitis is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the liver. People can get acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) hepatitis. Depending on the severity of the case, hepatitis can cause major health complications, such as scarring of the liver, liver failure, or even liver cancer. If you experience any symptoms of hepatitis ...Jul 16, 2021 · How Zinc Affects a Woman’s Fertility. In women, zinc plays a vital role in many key reproductive health areas including: Egg production: a woman’s body needs a certain amount of zinc to produce mature eggs that are ripe for fertilization. Maintaining proper follicular fluid levels: without enough fluid in the follicles, an egg cannot travel ... METHODS. We carried out an integrative review using PubMed with STDs and male infertility as keywords. The search was restricted to the English language and to studies in humans, between 1993 and 2019, using the terms "HIV and male infertility", “HPV and male infertility" and “Chlamydia trachomatis and male infertility". We had …Similarly, smallpox vaccination was not found to negatively affect male fertility in a large epidemiological study (Jacobson et al., 2008). In a study conducted on rodents no effect of human papillomavirus Gardasil vaccine on sperm parameters and reproductive performance was found (Wise et al., 2010).

t is without a doubt that zinc ion (Zn2 +) has an irreplaceable role in male fertility in both lower and higher-order animals. IIn the late 50 s, researchers observed that chelation of …t is without a doubt that zinc ion (Zn2 +) has an irreplaceable role in male fertility in both lower and higher-order animals. IIn the late 50 s, researchers observed that chelation of …Jan 16, 2020 · Zinc. Researchers then assigned a numerical score to each letter grade (A=5, B=3, C=0, D=-1) and calculated a composite score for each male fertility product, which contained between 1 and 46 ingredients. With the highest possible score of 5.0, the average score of all 17 products analyzed was 1.66. “We were surprised at the lack of evidence ... The present investigation shows that nicotine reduces fertility in adult male rats and adversely affect litters’ weight and size delivered by untreated female rats. The data also indicate that nicotine withdrawal for a particular period of time could ameliorate the observed effects.Pharmacologically mediated male infertility would be associated with misleading drug administration, invalid dietary supplementation or recreational drug use. Many antibiotics have been reported to exert adverse effects on male fertility, 3 however; there are few data on the majority of these medications. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a group of ...Aug. 5, 2021 - Eden McCleskey. One of the most persistent and pernicious myths disseminated online holds that the COVID-19 vaccine can cause infertility. While that rumor has been disproved, a negative fertility impact of the virus has now become well-established. Researchers have been monitoring the disease's negative impact on male …Jan 7, 2020 · The global dietary supplement market is projected to exceed $200 billion in the early 2020s. 1 In the United States, it was estimated that 45% of adult men used dietary supplements from 1999 to 2012, 2 and supplement use is common in men among couples trying to conceive. 3 Many formulations claim benefits for fertility ranging from sperm count and motility to libido and vitality. An important part of male infertility of unknown etiology may be attributed to various environmental and occupational exposures to toxic substances, such as lead. The reproductive effects of lead are complex and appear to involve multiple pathways, not all of which are fully understood. It is still unclear, for example, if male reproductive ...Abstract. In up to 50% of cases, infertility issues stem solely from the male. According to some data, the quality of human semen has deteriorated by 50%–60% over the last 40 years. A high-fat diet and obesity, resulting from an unhealthy lifestyle, affects the structure of spermatozoa, but also the development of offspring and their health ...The primary aim of this extensive work was to identify and review strong peer-reviewed evidence regarding the effects of environmentally-relevant EDC concentrations on adult male and female fertility during the critical periconception period on reproductive hormone concentrations, gamete and embryo characteristics, as well as the time to ...Heavy metals are endocrine disruptors which interfere with processes mediated by endogenous hormones of the organism, negatively affecting endocrine functions. Some studies have correlated heavy metal exposure with male infertility. However, the number of studies conducted on humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to summarize ...

Infertility is defined as the lack of ability to conceive within one year of unprotected intercourse with the same partner 1.It is estimated that nearly 8–12% of couples are infertile 2, and approximately 30–40% of infertility cases are caused by male factors 3.Several risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of infertility, some of which …

Apr 7, 2015 · Higher levels of lead (Pb) were also observed in serum and semen of both fertile and infertile smokers.19,20 In the animal study, Pb exposure decreased alkaline phosphatase and Na +-K +-ATPase activity with a dose effect indicating that Pb could impair sperm motility.21 The relationship between Pb exposure and male fertility in general ... A Word From Verywell. Folic acid is an important vitamin for both men and women. Getting enough folic acid can help decrease the risk of birth defects, and it may improve sperm count in men. They do make fertility supplements for men and women who are trying to conceive, but they are not all equal.Male Infertility and Bacterial Infections. The effect of bacterial infection on reproductive system function is important. Various bacteria have been isolated and identified from the male reproductive system, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Ureaplasma urealyticum, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus …The use of nicotine through smoking remains a serious health problem. It has been associated with reduced fertility, although the mechanism responsible is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether nicotine-induced infertility is associated with altered male reproductive hormones in male albino rats.Fertilizer burn from over-applying chemical fertilizer is one of the quickest ways to damage or kill grass. Read on to learn how to treat it. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home V...Jan 7, 2020 · The authors note that most so-called fertility supplements contain zinc and folic acid. Zinc is an essential mineral for sperm formation, and folate, the natural form of folic acid, depends on zinc to help form DNA in the sperm. Previous studies of these nutrients as a treatment for male infertility have produced conflicting results. Introduction. According to World Health Organization (WHO), infertility refers to the biological inability of an individual to achieve pregnancy following at least 12 month of unprotected intercourse ().It has been estimated that approximately 15% of couples face some form of infertility (2, 3) and among them, male factor infertility plays a role in …Intracellular zinc can also regulate calcium release in cardiac cells [ 27 ]. For male fertility, zinc levels are high in the testes, and zinc transporters are expressed in different regions of the epididymis [ 28, 29 ]. Further, zinc deficiency is correlated with decreased male fertility [ 30, 31 ].In males, smoking has been shown to contribute to impaired sperm motility and quantity , in addition to reduced ability to produce and maintain an erection (Fig. 40.1 ). In women, cigarette usage is complicit in increased rates of ectopic pregnancy and developmental disabilities in the growing fetus. Fig. 40.1.

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We performed a literature search using PubMed®/MEDLINE® to identify relevant studies of the effects of cannabis on male fertility. Relevant studies were identified and reviewed. The strongest evidence of cannabis induced alterations in male fertility is in the category of semen parameters. Research supports a role for cannabis in reducing ...Women tend to see their fertility drop off steeply in their late 30s and 40s, but for men, fertility lessens much more gradually, and from a later age. Male fertility generally starts to fall in their 40s and through their 50s. A French study found that women’s reproductive capability drops from age 35, but for men it’s only from about age 40.Intracellular zinc can also regulate calcium release in cardiac cells [ 27 ]. For male fertility, zinc levels are high in the testes, and zinc transporters are expressed in different regions of the epididymis [ 28, 29 ]. Further, zinc deficiency is correlated with decreased male fertility [ 30, 31 ].Problems with male fertility can be caused by a number of health issues and medical treatments: Varicocele. A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle. It's the most common reversible cause of male infertility. Although the exact reason that varicoceles cause infertility is unknown, it may be related to abnormal …An adequate volume of ejaculate is required to carry the male gametes into the female reproductive tract, and thus ejaculate volume is an important component of a semen analysis done to investigate male factor infertility. The normal amount of the volume of the ejaculate should be over 1.5-2 ml, so anything below is considered too low.Collectively, the currently available data underline the importance of zinc ions for male fertility, which could be harnessed to improve human reproductive health …Interestingly, the effect of maternal smoking (during pregnancy) on spermatogenesis in male offspring is stronger than that of active smoking by men. Heavy smokers have a 19% lower mean sperm concentration and a 29% lower total sperm count than nonsmokers ( Ramlau-Hansen et al., 2007 ).- Ambiguity about the effect of the virus on male fertility - Asking about the need for male GWs' treatment before conception. a. Adverse effects of HPV on male fertility: 1. Concerns about fertility potential - The effects of HPV on reproductive hormones and menstrual cycle - Concerns about infertility due to persistent high-risk …How Inguinal Hernia Affects Male Fertility. While inguinal hernias can seem relatively harmless in cases of little to no discomfort, they can alter the blood and lymph drainage in the scrotum, a narrow area around the testicles, and can ultimately interfere with sperm production. If left untreated, inguinal hernias can also lead to reduced ...Oysters. There’s a reason oysters are known as aphrodisiacs. They contain more zinc per serving than any other food, and foods high in zinc may help with male fertility by increasing semen volume and sperm motility. If your guy just doesn't like oysters, he can also find zinc in beef, poultry, dairy, nuts, eggs, whole grains and beans.Answer From Patricio C. Gargollo, M.D. Frequent male masturbation isn't likely to have much effect on your fertility. Some data shows that optimum semen quality occurs after two to three days of no ejaculation. But other research suggests that men who have normal sperm quality maintain normal sperm motility and concentrations even with … ….

Turns out, nicotine itself is a problem. It significantly lowers sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, and increases the percent of sperm with abnormal morphology (Budin 2017). It also reduces the weight of the testes, testosterone level, and testicular antioxidant status (Erat 2007). One study looking at the above sperm parameters used ...The results showed that the administration of glymeride, pumpkin flour, porang flour and their combination had a significant effect on reducing blood sugar (p=0.000) and sperm motility (p=0.000 ...Antidepressant medications are commonly used in males of reproductive age for long-term treatment of depression, as well as other disorders. Although antidepressants are known to be associated with sexual side-effects, their effects on semen parameters and other markers of male fertility have been less thoroughly …Before you throw out your next batch of used coffee grounds, consider composting them. As food weblog Serious Eats points out, composting used coffee grounds is a great way to star...Background: Some evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) could affect male fertility, gonadal axis, semen parameters, and spermatogenesis because of effects of hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency. Anyhow, the exact impact of DM1 on male fertility is unclear. Objectives: To review the studies evaluating paternity rate, male gonadal …Aphrodite was able to affect emotions and fertility, and she had power over men and the ability to induce the harvest of crops. She is known as the goddess of love and is said to h...Fertility researchers have shown that nicotine and cotinine, a substance produced by nicotine's breakdown, cause sperm to change in ways that could reduce fertility potential. In results presented at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, lead researcher Lani Burkman, Ph.D., reported that in laboratory experiments these chemicals, singly and in combination ...1. Introduction. Trace elements play a significant role in maintaining human health [1, 2].It is recognized that the trace element zinc plays an important role in functioning male reproductive system; it required for normal spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis; it affects the stability of sperm chromatin, the quality of semen, the capacitation process and induction of acrosome reaction.Nicotine and male fertility . ... We are a community united around one purpose: to quit nicotine, in particular Zyn. Members Online. 1 month off ZynOct 2, 2018 · Understanding the mechanisms in which Ca deficiency can affect sperm function and fertility is a matter of utmost importance. Although different studies have demonstrated decreased level of Ca, in semen of infertile men, mechanisms of Ca, deficiency on male infertility are not well-considered. Does zyn affect male fertility, Mechanisms by Which Smoking Affects Male Reproductive Outcomes. Some authors have attempted to provide mechanistic explanations for the observed link between cigarette exposure and abnormal semen parameters. In a study of 147 Chinese men, Liu et al 21 examined the relationship between seminal zinc levels and semen parameters. The authors found ..., Calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, anti-androgens, opioids and other medications can contribute to fertility issues. Anabolic steroids and other illicit drugs can have the same effect. Watch out for toxins. Exposure to pesticides, lead and other toxins can affect sperm quantity and quality. If you must work with toxins, do so ..., Abstract. Infertility affects about 8% to 12% of couples, with male infertility being responsible for about 30% of cases. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are known to cause complications of pregnancy and are associated with tubal infertility in females, but the association with male fertility is still controversial., Zn is essential for both male and female reproductive potential as it is necessary for normal fertilization. It has been shown that the Zn content in semen is 85 to 90 times higher than in blood, thus protects the sperm cells from bacterial attack., Problems with male fertility can be caused by a number of health issues and medical treatments: Varicocele. A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle. It's the most common reversible cause of male infertility. Although the exact reason that varicoceles cause infertility is unknown, it may be related to abnormal …, The use of nicotine through smoking remains a serious health problem. It has been associated with reduced fertility, although the mechanism responsible is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether nicotine-induced infertility is associated with altered male reproductive hormones in male albino rats., The US and EU have included fertilizer exemptions in their sanctions on Russia, which allow trade to continue flowing for the key commodity. Jump to The US wants companies to ramp ..., Introduction. The link between viral infection and infertility has been studied for decades. Numerous viruses, including Zika virus, HIV and cytomegalovirus have been detected in human semen, among which some can affect male fertility potential (Mate et al., 2015; Counotte et al., 2018).Moreover, because of the contribution of the immune privilege of …, For sperm to be healthy, the man must produce sperm with an adequate concentration, quality, and motility. Studies have shown that men with hypertension are more likely to produce poor-quality sperm. There may also be a lower sperm count, which is critical for pregnancy. Hypertension can damage the testes, increases oxidative stress, affect ..., Because ZYN and similar pouches are relatively new, their long-term health effects aren’t clear, said Minal Patel, a senior principal scientist at the American Cancer Society. The risks will ..., Higher levels of lead (Pb) were also observed in serum and semen of both fertile and infertile smokers.19,20 In the animal study, Pb exposure decreased alkaline phosphatase and Na +-K +-ATPase activity with a dose effect indicating that Pb could impair sperm motility.21 The relationship between Pb exposure and male fertility in general ..., 1. Introduction. Nutrition can affect, negatively or positively, sperm quality [1,2,3], and this effect depends on both quantitative and qualitative aspects of a diet, such as the calorie content of each macronutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), as well as on the specific fatty acid, carbohydrate, and protein profiles.In this context, unhealthy …, For men, aging can affect the quality of their sperm, including the motility, morphology (shape) and concentration, which then makes it more difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg. Men also ..., Introduction. Infertility is a growing public health concern worldwide, affecting ~168 million individuals and 48 million couples worldwide (), with male infertility accounting for up to 50% of cases ().Male infertility is associated with poorer health outcomes such as increased risk of cancer and a lower life expectancy, in addition to …, Low levels of zinc may affect the good production of these hormones, as well as testosterone levels [6]. 2. Zinc and fertility. It has also been shown that zinc plays a significant role in the male reproductive system [7,8,9,10]. It was reported that fertile groups had higher levels of zinc in comparison to infertile groups., Fertility researchers have shown that nicotine and cotinine, a substance produced by nicotine's breakdown, cause sperm to change in ways that could reduce fertility potential. In results presented at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, lead researcher Lani Burkman, Ph.D., reported that in …, Mechanisms by Which Smoking Affects Male Reproductive Outcomes. Some authors have attempted to provide mechanistic explanations for the observed link between cigarette exposure and abnormal semen parameters. In a study of 147 Chinese men, Liu et al 21 examined the relationship between seminal zinc levels and semen parameters. The authors found ... , The good news is that the effects of smoking on eggs and sperm and fertility can be reversible. Regardless of which partner (or both) smokes, quitting will increase the chance of conceiving, carrying, and giving birth to a healthy baby. For men, the effects are very quick, as it takes three months for sperm to mature., Low levels of zinc may affect the good production of these hormones, as well as testosterone levels [6]. 2. Zinc and fertility. It has also been shown that zinc plays a significant role in the male reproductive system [7,8,9,10]. It was reported that fertile groups had higher levels of zinc in comparison to infertile groups., Zinc. Researchers then assigned a numerical score to each letter grade (A=5, B=3, C=0, D=-1) and calculated a composite score for each male fertility product, which contained between 1 and 46 ingredients. With the highest possible score of 5.0, the average score of all 17 products analyzed was 1.66. “We were surprised at the lack of evidence ..., zinc in men’s health, germ cell sustenance, sperm quality, and fertilization 3 .Zn 2+ is very abundant throughout the male reproductive tract in humans; ~74.6 in testes, ~92.3 in epididy-, Age, gender and cholesterol can effect your health. Learn more about your age, gender and cholesterol level at Discovery Health. Advertisement In both men and women, blood choleste..., Jun 1, 2016 · The prostate is the target of a number of common diseases that can affect male fertility at different ages. In both young and aged men, prostatic diseases or an unhealthy prostate can affect ... , And this insidious inflammation affected both fertility and the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies. The bottom line: Inflammation seems to affect your sperm production. A number of factors could cause it, but one you can control is when you go to bed and the length and quality of your sleep. Sleep and male fertility hormones, May 8, 2018 · Abstract. Thyroid hormones act on testis in multiple ways and exert their effect on different cell types, including Leydig and Sertoli cells, and germ cells. An excess or deficit of thyroid hormones results in alterations of testis function, including semen abnormalities. More frequently, hyperthyroidism has been associated with reduced semen ... , It affects the stability of sperm chromatin 16. ... Foresta, C. et al. Role of zinc trafficking in male fertility: from germ to sperm. Hum Reprod 29, 1134–45 (2014)., In males, smoking has been shown to contribute to impaired sperm motility and quantity , in addition to reduced ability to produce and maintain an erection (Fig. 40.1 ). In women, cigarette usage is complicit in increased rates of ectopic pregnancy and developmental disabilities in the growing fetus. Fig. 40.1., The results showed that the administration of glymeride, pumpkin flour, porang flour and their combination had a significant effect on reducing blood sugar (p=0.000) and sperm motility (p=0.000 ..., Antidepressant medications are commonly used in males of reproductive age for long-term treatment of depression, as well as other disorders. Although antidepressants are known to be associated with sexual side-effects, their effects on semen parameters and other markers of male fertility have been less thoroughly …, Fertilizer affects plant growth by supplementing plant nutrients, which allows plants to grow faster and thicker. However, this applies only if the soil is deficient in nutrients. ..., Sex is often referred to as male, female, or intersex, and gender exists on a spectrum ranging from male and female to non-binary, gender fluid, and gender non-conforming. Causes of infertility for females include: Menstrual cycle irregularities or lack of ovulation. Reproductive structure differences., The seminal fluid does more than just activate the sperm, however. Zinc acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, helping them survive until they can reach the egg. Zinc for men is vital for the gonads from an early age. Too little in childhood delays sexual development and affects testosterone levels, prostate gland function and sperm ... , Accumulation of toxic heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) in testicular tissue can also affect male fertility as does the low zinc level in sperm cells . Researchers from the University of Newcastle discovered three times more DNA damages in the spermatocytes of men aged 36-57 than in those younger than 35 . Lifestyle also affects male ...