Vfib treatment acls

Tests are done to check the heart and confirm a diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia, also called V-tach or VT. Test results also can help determine if another health problem is causing V-tach. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This is the most common test to diagnose tachycardia. An ECG shows how the heart is beating.

Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia will have QRS complexes greater than or equal to .12 second (120 milliseconds). These QRS complexes appear uniform and symmetrical. This suggests that the impulses and/or circuitry of the heart is causing complexes to originate in the same area of the ventricle. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia.Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) in adults - UpToDate. View in. Author: Jonathan Elmer, MD, MS, FNCS. Section Editors: Ron M Walls, MD, FRCPC, …statement highlights the recognition and treatment of cardiovascular collapse or cardiopulmonary arrest in an adult or pediatric patient who has a ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. Specific, expert consensus recommendations are provided for the role of external chest compressions in such patients. MVentricular fibrillation (sometimes called v-fib for short) is an arrhythmia, a malfunction of the heart’s normal pumping sequence. It is the most common deadly arrhythmia. When it happens, the lower chambers of your heart quiver or twitch instead of completely expanding and squeezing. This means they aren’t pumping blood as they …Nov 30, 2010 ... BLS and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) programs emphasize the treatment of “shockable” rhythms, v fib and v tach, and they even enjoy ...Refractory ventricular fibrillation was defined as an initial presenting rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia that was still present after three consecutive ...In this 2018 ACLS guidelines focused update, the updated treatment recommendations include consideration of either amiodarone …ACLS Cardiac Arrest VTach and VFib Algorithm. Perform the initial assessment. Perform high-quality CPR. Establish an airway and provide oxygen to keep oxygen saturation > 94%. Monitor the victim’s heart rhythm and blood pressure. If the patient is in VTach or VFib, this IS a shockable rhythm.

Treatment. For the purposes of ACLS, atrial flutter is treated the same as atrial fibrillation. When atrial flutter produces hemodynamic instability and serious signs and symptoms, it is treated using ACLS protocol. For the patient with unstable tachycardia due to this tachyarrhythmia (atrial flutter), immediate cardioversion is recommended.Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) in adults - UpToDate. View in. Author: Jonathan Elmer, MD, MS, FNCS. Section Editors: Ron M Walls, MD, FRCPC, …Rhythm Recognition. Knowing how to read and interpret ECGs is a critically important skill in ACLS and PALS. Take a moment to review the most common cardiac rhythms encountered in ACLS and PALS. The Prototypical ECG Tracing. The P wave corresponds to electrical impulse traveling through the atria. This is synonymous with atrial …May 26, 2022 ... ... VFib, pVT, asystole), tachycardia with a ... ACLS Question. Epinephrine. 2 upvotes ... SIBO treatment protocol- everything in one place (Update).The American Heart Association (AHA) formally endorsed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 1963, and by 1966 they had adopted standardized CPR guidelines for instruction to lay rescuers [ 2 ]. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines have evolved over the past several decades based on a combination of scientific evidence of …

Defibrillation a powerful tool in the hands of the ACLS practitioner and it is important to know when to use defibrillation to reset the abnormal rhythm. Determining the underlying cause of an arrest is the most important goal in ACLS, and defibrillation can reset and restart the heart, buying the practitioner time to explore and treat the Hs ...CPR Quality. Push hard (at least 2 inches [5 cm]) and fast (100-120/min) and allow complete chest recoil. Minimize interruptions in compressions. Avoid excessive ventilation. 2 minutes, or sooner if fatigued. If no advanced airway, 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio. If Petco2 <10 mm Hg, attempt to improve CPR quality.For Bradycardia: Adult ACLS: Start an infusion with a dose of 2-10 mcg/min IV/IO titrating to the patient’s response. Pediatric PALS: Give Epinephrine in a 1:10,000 solution: 0.01 mg/kg by IV/IO every 3 to 5 minutes (or give Epinephrine in a 1:1,000 solution: 0.1 mg/kg by ETT).Acute ventricular fibrillation (VF) is treated according to Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) protocols. [ 81, 82] ) Interest in improving rates of public... Each ACLS algorithm is designed to simplify the process for the management and treatment of patients experiencing a cardiovascular emergency or progressing toward a cardiovascular emergency. Most often these emergencies are related to an arrhythmia which must be identified and then treated with the appropriate ACLS algorithm.

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It appears that there are far more super-wealthy Africans than anyone realized. It appears that there are far more super-wealthy Africans than anyone realized. According to Venture...The ACLS megacode simulator is compliant with the 2020-2025 AHA ACLS guidelines. Megacode Scenario 1. Megacode Scenario 2. Megacode Scenario 3. Megacode Scenario 4. Megacode Scenario 5. Megacode Scenario 6. Megacode Scenario 7. Megacode Scenario 8. Megacode Scenario 9. Megacode Scenario 10. In this case, the heart quivers ineffectively and no blood is pumped out of the heart. On the monitor, v-fib will look like a frenetically disorganized wavy line. Ventricular fibrillation may be fine or coarse; coarse ventricular fibrillation is more likely to convert after defibrillation than fine v-fib. Fine v-fib is sometimes mistaken for ... PALS Cardiac Arrest Algorithm 1. Activate emergency medical services, call a pediatric “code blue”, obtain AED or defibrillator 2. Is the rhythm shockable? Rhythm IS shockable (ventricular fibrillation or unstable ventricular tachycardia) 1. Administer shock at 2 Joules/kg 2. Administer high-quality CPR for 2 minutes 3. Check rhythm If not shockable, move to asystole/PEA rhythm protocol If

Ventricular fibrillation falls under the ACLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm and is the most important algorithm to know for adult resuscitation. Ventricular fibrillation treatment starts with early and effective CPR with the application of oxygen and monitor/defibrillator placement.Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. For a person in VF the probability of successful defibrillation and subsequent survival to hospital discharge is directly and negatively related to the time interval between onset of VF and delivery of the first shock. 123 Early defibrillation by first rescuers and trained lay responders is a ... Today, ventricular fibrillation. Step 1. Establish unresponsiveness. Poke ‘em with a stick. Establish unresponsiveness and check for breathing. Again, you’re just looking for breathing no more than about 5 seconds. If the patient is unresponsive, not breathing, immediately call the Code. Get some help coming. Identify and treat underlying cause • Maintain patent airway; assist breathing as necessary • Oxygen (if hypoxemic) • Cardiac monitor to identify rhythm; monitor blood pressure and oximetry • IV access • 12-lead ECG, if available Assess appropriateness for clinical condition. Heart rate typically ≥150/min if tachyarrhythmia. S5.1.5.2-26 For this reason, chronic treatment of young patients with amiodarone should be reserved as a bridge to more definitive treatment options such as catheter ablation. Baseline evaluation of patients may include ECG, liver function tests, thyroid function tests, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests (including diffusing capacity of ... Understanding and Treating VF. Primary ventricular fibrillation arrest (frequently referred to as V-Fib, or simply VF) has a high likelihood of survival if the patient receives timely defibrillation. Because a defibrillator is not always readily available, CPR must frequently be used until a defibrillator can be obtained. Synchronized cardioversion is an intervention used to treat unstable supraventricular and ventricular cardiac rhythms. Indications for synchronized cardioversion: Patients who have a pulse and are hemodynamically unstable with tachycardias such as: Ventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation.The mainstay of treatment of cardiac arrest due to VF is highlighted in the Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm, which consists of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), accurate heart rhythm diagnosis, and early defibrillation for cases of VF and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and intravenous …Ventricular arrhythmias are severely abnormal heart rhythms, in which the blood is not pumping through the heart to the body. Unless immediately treated, these rhythms cause death. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is responsible for 75% to 85% of sudden deaths in persons with heart problems.Learn and Master ACLS/PALS. OVER 150,000 SATISFIED HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS. Post-Cardiac Arrest Care. ... Hypotension, a systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg should be treated and the administration of fluids and vasoactive medications can be used to optimize the patient’s hemodynamic status. While the optimal blood pressure during the post ...Advertisement Not all ugg-style boots made by companies other than UGG Australia are knockoffs -- some are high-quality (or inexpensive but similarly styled) boots that were made l...

Dec 9, 2020 · Sustained ventricular tachycardia, 3rd degree heart block. Treatment. Immediately initiate ACLS. Emergency electrical defibrillation (200 > 300 > 360J) the earlier that defibrillation is performed, the better. Prognosis, Prevention, and Complications. Most cases result in sudden death. Immediate intervention necessary for survival in vast ...

About Arrhythmia. Ventricular Fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes.Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate was approved by early advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines published in 1976, and the most commonly used medication for cardiac arrest until the mid-1980s was sodium bicarbonate. However, because of questions regarding possible benefit vs harm, SB use fell steadily to almost …The treatment for ventricular fibrillation is rapid defibrillation. Every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the chance of survival is reduced by 10%. The key steps to treating ventricular fibrillation are: Rapid assessment to confirm cardiac arrest. Starting CPR. Applying the defibrillator and delivering the first shock as soon as possible.The treatment for ventricular fibrillation is rapid defibrillation. Every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the chance of survival is reduced by 10%. The key steps to treating ventricular fibrillation are: Rapid assessment to confirm cardiac arrest. Starting CPR. Applying the defibrillator and delivering the first shock as soon as possible.Summary. Ventricular fibrillation, or VFib or VF, is a dangerous arrhythmia that causes the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) to erratically quiver instead of pumping blood as they should. VFib results in sudden cardiac arrest and requires emergent defibrillation (electric shock) to restore the heart's normal rhythm.Knowing the H’s and T’s of ACLS will help prepare you for any ACLS scenario. Learn about this easy-to-remember strategy used in ACLS training. ... Also, a widening of the QRS-wave may be seen. This can be treated in a number of ways which include sodium bicarbonate (IV), glucose+insulin, calcium chloride (IV), Kayexalate, dialysis, and ...The reduction in cardiac output resulting can cause symptoms ranging from decreased level of consciousness to a total lack of cardiac output, known as a pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Unstable ventricular tachycardia may present with the following characteristics: Broad QRS arrhythmia. Highly accelerated heart rates. Treatment of monomorphic VT is dependent upon whether the patient is stable or unstable. Expert consultation is always advised, and if unstable, the ACLS tachycardia algorithm should be followed. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. With polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, the QRS waves will not be symmetrical. Dec 18, 2023 · Scope of the Guidelines. This 2023 focused update to the American Heart Association (AHA) advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care is based on the expert writing group review of the relevant International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR ...

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AIM The “2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation” provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the …About Arrhythmia. Ventricular Fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. VFib can either be fine or coarse. Coarse VFib is more likely to convert after defibrillation than fine VFib. Fine VFib can sometimes be mistaken for asystole. However, the treatments for asystole and VFib are different, therefore, ACLS providers must be able to differentiate between the two. When in doubt, though, it is acceptable to deliver a ... e272 September 25, 2018 Circulation. 2018;138:e272–e391. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549 Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements acute coronary syndrome ambulatory ECG monitoring antiarrhythmic drug …Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used in ACLS to treat VF or pulseless VT that does not respond to treatment with defibrillation, CPR, or vasopressors (epinephrine). It is recommended to only use Amiodarone for life-threatening arrythmias because of its association with toxicity and complex possible drug interactions.During ACLS, epinephrine can be given 3 ways: intravenous; intraosseous, and endotracheal tube. Dosing. Intravenous Push/IO: 1mg epinephrine IV is given every 3-5 minutes. IV infusion for bradycardia: 1mg epinephrine is mixed with 500ml of NS or D5W. The infusion should run at 2-10 micrograms/min (titrated to effect).Synchronized cardioversion is an intervention used to treat unstable supraventricular and ventricular cardiac rhythms. Indications for synchronized cardioversion: Patients who have a pulse and are hemodynamically unstable with tachycardias such as: Ventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation.This ACLS quiz covers general information that may be found on the ACLS written test. ) , () ) : (2020-2025 guidelines) Go to Quiz #2. Return Practice Test Library ... but if the witnessed cardiac arrest is not due due Vfib or pulsless Vtach, then chest compressions and alerting EMS would take priority, to maintain perfusion to identifying ...Given the difficulty in converting RVF to a perfusing rhythm, here are a few strategies beyond the standard therapy to add to your toolbox. Refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia unresponsive to traditional methods of defibrillation and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). RFV has been defined as “ventricular fibrillation that is resistant ….

Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. Disordered electrical activity causes the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of contracting (or beating) normally.If responders treat critical conditions properly in this “periarrest” or “prearrest” period, they can prevent a full cardiopulmonary arrest from occurring. Consequently, the international ACLS recommendations present the science-based clinical guidelines and some educational material for these periarrest conditions: Acute coronary syndromes VFib can either be fine or coarse. Coarse VFib is more likely to convert after defibrillation than fine VFib. Fine VFib can sometimes be mistaken for asystole. However, the treatments for asystole and VFib are different, therefore, ACLS providers must be able to differentiate between the two. When in doubt, though, it is acceptable to deliver a ... VF is the most common mechanism of sudden cardiac arrest and can also quickly develop into asystole (flatline), and death, it requires immediate treatment. The treatment process will focus on terminating the VF and …VFib is a type of arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat that is the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest. Several underlying conditions can cause VFib, such as coronary artery disease and heart ...If the patient remains in persistent VFib following the initial defibrillator shock and the first dose of epi, the next medication to be given is amiodarone at 300mg via rapid IV or IO push. A second dose of amiodarone can be given at 150mg. This dose can only be repeated one time after 3 to 5 minutes. Successful treatment of VFib continues by:Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is defined as the presence of cardiac electrical activity with organized or partially organized cardiac rhythms without a palpable pulse. Pulseless electrical activity is formerly known as electromechanical dissociation (EMD). During PEA, the heart is unable to move adequate blood volume to maintain systemic ...Legendary personal finance journalist Jane Bryant Quinn offers her advice. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree ...Magnesium has been studied for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias as far back as the 1960s. 5 And, of course, MgSO 4 has long been a staple of treatment for torsades de pointes as established by ... Vfib treatment acls, Jan 4, 2024 · VFib is a type of arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat that is the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest. Several underlying conditions can cause VFib, such as coronary artery disease and heart ... , Abstract. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) are predominantly caused by channelopathies and cardiomyopathies in youngsters and coronary heart disease in the elderly. Temporary factors, e.g., electrolyte imbalance, drug interactions, and substance abuses may play an additive role in arrhythmogenesis., If responders treat critical conditions properly in this “periarrest” or “prearrest” period, they can prevent a full cardiopulmonary arrest from occurring. Consequently, the international ACLS recommendations present the science-based clinical guidelines and some educational material for these periarrest conditions: Acute coronary syndromes, This 2018 American Heart Association (AHA) focused update on the advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) is based on the systematic review of antiarrhythmic therapy and the resulting “2018 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With …, ACLS Cardiac Arrest VTach and VFib Algorithm. Perform the initial assessment. Perform high-quality CPR. Establish an airway and provide oxygen to keep oxygen saturation > 94%. Monitor the victim’s heart rhythm and blood pressure. If the patient is in VTach or VFib, this IS a shockable rhythm., Completing prerequisite coursework for advanced cardiac life support certification results in the receipt of eight continuing education units, or CEUs. CEUs are alternatively known..., Cardiac defibrillation is the act of administering a transthoracic electrical current to a person experiencing one of the two lethal ventricular dysrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). Under Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines, pulseless VT and VF are treated the same. Heart disease ..., Jul 24, 2023 · Cardiac defibrillation is the act of administering a transthoracic electrical current to a person experiencing one of the two lethal ventricular dysrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). Under Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines, pulseless VT and VF are treated the same. Heart disease ... , Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. Disordered electrical activity causes the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of contracting (or beating) normally., Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia will have QRS complexes greater than or equal to .12 second (120 milliseconds). These QRS complexes appear uniform and symmetrical. This suggests that the impulses and/or circuitry of the heart is causing complexes to originate in the same area of the ventricle. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia., Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) in adults - UpToDate. View in. Author: Jonathan Elmer, MD, MS, FNCS. Section Editors: Ron M Walls, MD, FRCPC, …, Without immediate treatment, ventricular fibrillation can cause death within minutes. The condition's rapid, erratic heartbeats cause the heart to abruptly stop pumping blood to the body. Blood pressure drops suddenly and significantly. The longer the body lacks blood, the greater the risk of damage to the brain and other organs., Call 833-567-4268 By Dan Grunebaum Data Journalist Dan Grunebaum is a data journalist and visualization developer for HealthCare.com. Dan has experience with surprise medical bills..., The most common causes of tachycardia that should be treated outside of the ACLS tachycardia algorithm are dehydration, hypoxia, fever, and sepsis. There may be other contributing causes and a review of the H’s and T’s of ACLS should take place as needed. Click below to view the H and T’s table. When done click again to close the diagram., Survival from these arrest rhythms requires both basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). The foundation of ACLS care is good BLS care, beginning with prompt high-quality bystander CPR and, for VF/pulseless VT, attempted defibrillation within minutes of collapse., This ACLS scenario will usually involve one or two rescuers in an out-of-hospital setting. Ideal equipment would be an AED and a pocket mask. Rapid assessment and treatment using the CAB sequence of BLS should be performed as the first intervention. CPR, LYLE A. SIDDOWAY, M.D. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68 (11):2189-2197. Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is used to treat ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. The drug ..., The headline figure for US gross domestic product in the second quarter was a better than expected, clocking in at 1.7%, according to the first of three estimates. But the first-qu..., Introduction. These Highlights summarize the key issues and changes in the 2020 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC). The 2020 Guidelines are a comprehensive revision of the AHA’s guidelines for adult, pediatric, neonatal, resuscitation education science ..., In ACLS, heart block is often treated as a bradyarrhythmia. The PR interval is a consistent size, but longer or larger than it should be in first degree heart block. ... Cardiac arrest VFib/VTach: First dose: 1-1.5 mg/kg IV Second dose: 0.5-0.75 mg/kg IV every 5 to 10 min Max: 3 mg/kg Infuse 1-4 mg IV per min ..., These pages cover all of the cardiac arrhythmias that you will experience in the ACLS provider course. Rhythms from Ventricular Fibrillation to Complete Heart Block are covered. Examples of each ECG tracing are provided, and after each article is a short video that simulates the ACLS ECG on a defibrillator monitor., Call 833-567-4268 By Dan Grunebaum Data Journalist Dan Grunebaum is a data journalist and visualization developer for HealthCare.com. Dan has experience with surprise medical bills..., Background: American Heart Association Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines support the use of either amiodarone or lidocaine for cardiac arrest caused by ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) based on studies of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Studies comparing amiodarone and lidocaine in adult populations with in-hospital …, Overview. The International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) is the fourth in a series of annual International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) publications. This 2020 CoSTR for advanced life …, While you can still retire in a recession, you should tweak your plans to make your money last. We may receive compensation from the products and services mentioned in this story, ..., Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. VF is the presenting rhythm for about 70% of patients in cardiac arrest and is thus the terminal event in many disorders., Nov 6, 2022 · Refractory ventricular fibrillation was defined as an initial presenting rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia that was still present after three consecutive ... , PALS Cardiac Arrest Algorithm 1. Activate emergency medical services, call a pediatric “code blue”, obtain AED or defibrillator 2. Is the rhythm shockable? Rhythm IS shockable (ventricular fibrillation or unstable ventricular tachycardia) 1. Administer shock at 2 Joules/kg 2. Administer high-quality CPR for 2 minutes 3. Check rhythm If not shockable, move to …, Version 2021.01.c. When a child is in cardiac arrest begin CPR immediately. Push hard and fast at 100–120 beats per minute. Ventilate with a bag-mask and attach to supplemental oxygen. Two-person CPR for a child without a definitive airway will be at a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 breaths. Attach the monitor/defibrillator as soon as possible ..., Mar 4, 2021 ... ACLS and pulse check. Hey guys! When it comes to the ... medication. In fact, it discourages it as ... v-fib is likely lower than a course v-fib., Arrhythmias originating from the ventricular myocardium or His-Purkinje system are grouped under ventricular arrhythmia (VA). This includes a subset of arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), premature ventricular contractions (PVC), and ventricular flutter. Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) is used to define all tachyarrhythmia with QRS complex duration ..., Jan 30, 2024 · 2. Routine administration of calcium for treatment of cardiac arrest is not recommended. 3. Use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscita-tion for patients with cardiac arrest refractory to standard advanced cardiovascular life support is reasonable in select patients when provided within an appropriately trained and equipped system of care. 4. , ACLS VFib and VTach Algorithm. References. Driver BE et al. Use of esmolol after failure of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation to treat patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2014; 85(10): 1337-41. PMID: 25033747.